INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
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FOREWORD
The Department of Energy (DOE) Fundamentals Handbooks consist of ten academic
subjects, which include Mathematics; Classical Physics; Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid
Flow; Instrumentation and Control; Electrical Science; Material Science; Mechanical Science;
Chemistry; Engineering Symbology, Prints, and Drawings; and Nuclear Physics and Reactor
Theory. The handbooks are provided as an aid to DOE nuclear facility contractors.
These handbooks were first published as Reactor Operator Fundamentals Manuals in 1985
for use by DOE Category A reactors. The subject areas, subject matter content, and level of detail
of the Reactor Operator Fundamentals Manuals was determined from several sources. DOE
Category A reactor training managers determined which materials should be included, and served
as a primary reference in the initial development phase. Training guidelines from the commercial
nuclear power industry, results of job and task analyses, and independent input from contractors
and operations-oriented personnel were all considered and included to some degree in developing
the text material and learning objectives.
The DOE Fundamentals Handbooks represent the needs of various DOE nuclear facilities'
fundamentals training requirements. To increase their applicability to nonreactor nuclear facilities,
the Reactor Operator Fundamentals Manual learning objectives were distributed to the Nuclear
Facility Training Coordination Program Steering Committee for review and comment. To update
their reactor-specific content, DOE Category A reactor training managers also reviewed and
commented on the content. On the basis of feedback from these sources, information that applied
to two or more DOE nuclear facilities was considered generic and was included. The final draft
of each of these handbooks was then reviewed by these two groups. This approach has resulted
in revised modular handbooks that contain sufficient detail such that each facility may adjust the
content to fit their specific needs.
Each handbook contains an abstract, a foreword, an overview, learning objectives, and text
material, and is divided into modules so that content and order may be modified by individual DOE
contractors to suit their specific training needs. Each subject area is supported by a separate
examination bank with an answer key.
The DOE Fundamentals Handbooks have been prepared for the Assistant Secretary for
Nuclear Energy, Office of Nuclear Safety Policy and Standards, by the DOE Training
Coordination Program. This program is managed by EG&G Idaho, Inc.
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
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OVERVIEW
The Department of Energy Fundamentals Handbook entitled Instrumentation and Control
was prepared as an information resource for personnel who are responsible for the operation of
the Department's nuclear facilities. A basic understanding of instrumentation and control is
necessary for DOE nuclear facility operators, maintenance personnel, and the technical staff to
safely operate and maintain the facility and facility support systems. The information in the
handbook is presented to provide a foundation for applying engineering concepts to the job. This
knowledge will help personnel more fully understand the impact that their actions may have on the
safe and reliable operation of facility components and systems.
The Instrumentation and Control handbook consists of seven modules that are contained
in two volumes. The following is a brief description of the information presented in each module
of the handbook.
Volume 1 of 2
Module 1 - Temperature Detectors
This module describes the construction, operation, and failure modes for various
types of temperature detectors and indication circuits.
Module 2 - Pressure Detectors
This module describes the construction, operation, and failure modes for various
types of pressure detectors and indication circuits.
Module 3 - Level Detectors
This module describes the construction, operation, and failure modes for various
types of level detectors and indication circuits.
Module 4 - Flow Detectors
This module describes the construction, operation, and failure modes for various
types of flow detectors and indication circuits.
Module 5 - Position Indicators
This module describes the construction, operation, and failure modes for various
types of position indicators and control circuits.
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
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Volume 2 of 2
Module 6 - Radiation Detectors
This module describes the principles of radiation detection, detector operation,
circuit operation, and specific radiation detector applications.
Module 7 - Principles of Control Systems
This module describes the principles of operation for control systems used in
evaluating and regulating changing conditions in a process.
The information contained in this handbook is by no means all encompassing. An attempt
to present the entire subject of instrumentation and control would be impractical. However, the
Instrumentation and Control handbook does present enough information to provide the reader
with a fundamental knowledge level sufficient to understand the advanced theoretical concepts
presented in other subject areas, and to better understand basic system and equipment operations.
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Department of Energy
Fundamentals Handbook
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
Module 6
Radiation Detectors
Radiation Detectors TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES iv
LIST OF TABLES . vi
REFERENCES vii
OBJECTIVES viii
RADIATION DETECTION TERMINOLOGY . 1
Electron-Ion Pair . 1
Specific Ionization 1
Stopping Power 2
Summary 3
RADIATION TYPES . 4
Alpha Particle . 4
Beta Particle 5
Gamma Ray 6
Neutron . 8
Summary . 10
GAS-FILLED DETECTOR 11
Summary . 13
DETECTOR VOLTAGE . 14
Applied Voltage 14
Summary . 18
PROPORTIONAL COUNTER . 19
Summary . 22
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Radiation Detectors
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
PROPORTIONAL COUNTER CIRCUITRY . 23
Summary . 27
IONIZATION CHAMBER 28
Summary . 34
COMPENSATED ION CHAMBER 35
Summary . 39
ELECTROSCOPE IONIZATION CHAMBER 40
Summary . 41
GEIGER-MÜLLER DETECTOR 42
Summary . 44
SCINTILLATION COUNTER . 45
Summary . 48
GAMMA SPECTROSCOPY . 49
Summary . 50
MISCELLANEOUS DETECTORS 51
Self-Powered Neutron Detector 51
Wide Range Fission Chamber . 52
Activation Foils and Flux Wires . 53
Photographic Film . 53
Summary . 54
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